Macroporous asymmetrical hydrophilic membrane made of a synthetic polymer

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are asymmetrical macroporous membranes based on a synthetic polymer comprising a polymeric mixture of 5 to 70% by weight polyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight ≧100,000 Dalton and 95 to 30% by weight of a polymer selected from a group consisting of a polysulfone, a polyether sulfone and an aromatic or araliphatic polyamide, each of the percentages by weight being relative to the total weight of the polymeric mixture. The membrane has a water absorbency of at least 11% by weight of water, relative to its total weight, at 100% relative humidity and 25° C. Also disclosed is a process for preparation of the membranes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to macroporous asymmetrical hydrophilicmembranes made of a synthetic polymer and to a process for theirpreparation.

Since the introduction of asymmetrical membranes made of celluloseacetate, by Loeb and Sourirajan, (S. Sourirajan, Reverse Osmosis, LogosPress, London 1970), and made of hydrophobic polymers (U.S. Pat. No.3,615,024), numerous membranes have been developed and proposed, inparticular for separating out low molecular weight and macromolecularconstituents dissolved in water. The structure and suitability of thesemembranes have been indicated in the literature (Desalination, 35(1980), 5-20), and they have also been used with success in industry orfor medical purposes.

Many of the membranes described have properties which are particularlyadvantageous for solving specific tasks. However, a membrane which canbe used equally well in different application areas is not available.Owing to their chemical structure and the way in which they are puttogether, the membranes described can be optimally suitable only forspecific separation problems. This results in the fundamentalrequirement of always developing new membranes for new problems.

Thus, for example, the concentration polarization, which always ariseson membrane surfaces and which, in many cases, leads to membrane foulingand to the formation of a secondary membrane, has the effect that thequalitative and quantitative chemical composition of the polymer formingthe membrane frequently has a strong influence on the properties of themembrane. This is in addition to the influence of the membranestructure, for example, its asymmetrical structure, or the membranegeometry which is expressed in its capillary or microporous structure.

Relatively hydrophilic ultrafiltration membranes made of celluloseacetate are highly suitable, for example, for separating certainproteins from their aqueous solution, since the membranes in contactwith aqueous solutions have only weak adsorptive properties for theseproteins. However, these membranes are not sufficiently stable toaggressive chemical agents, in particular those which are capable ofeffecting hydrolysis of the polymer forming the membrane, and theproperties of these membranes also change in an undesirable manner onexposure to temperatures above 40° C. Both the membrane propertiesmentioned considerably restrict the use of such membranes.

Admittedly, asymmetrical hydrophobic membranes, for example, those basedon polysulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride or other hydrophobic polymers,have satisfactory resistance to hydrolysis and to elevated temperaturesand to oxidizing agents. However, when in contact with dissolvedmacromolecules, dispersions and the like, for example, oil emulsions,cataphoretic varnishes or proteins, which tend to form deposits, thesemembranes frequently and rapidly lose their activity, inter alia due toprecipitation and adsorption of constituents of the solution onto andinto the membrane.

To avoid these disadvantages it has already been proposed to develophydrophilized membranes from hydrophobic and stable polymers. Forexample, the addition of aerosils to polysulfones has enabled theirwettability in aqueous solutions to be improved. It has also beenproposed to prepare membranes from mixtures of polyvinylidene fluorideand polyvinyl acetate. In order to impart hydrophilic properties tomembranes made from this polymeric mixture, it is necessary, however, tosubject them to hydrolysis in order to convert the acetate groupscontained in this polymeric mixture into OH groups. The attempt toprepare hydrophilic membranes having satisfactory properties bypreparing them from a mixture of a hydrophobic polymer and an originallyhydrophobic polymer, for example, from polyvinylidene fluoride andpolyvinylpyrrolidone, has not had the success desired, because it wasonly possible to prepare membranes from this mixture which contained atmost 15-20% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone, but which did not havethe properties of products according to the invention.

It has also been proposed to prepare hydrophilic membranes by startingfrom a solution of a hydrophobic polymer which contains, relative to thetotal weight of the solution, up to 150% by weight of polyethyleneglycol (Polymer-Bulletin 4, 617-622, 1981). However, membranes of thistype do not have adequate hydrophilic properties, since the hydrophiliccomponent contained in them is eluted from the coagulated membrane bythe aqueous coagulating liquid during the coagulation process.

German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,651,818 describes a membrane which iscomprised of a mixture of polysulfone and sulfonated polysulfone. Theknown membrane can contain up to 30% by weight, relative to the totalweight of the polymeric mixture forming the membrane, of the hydrophilicpolymer component. However, the known membrane, when used as an ionexchange membrane, has the fundamental disadvantage that it adsorbspositive counter-ions and repels co-ions of the same charge as themembrane.

It has also been proposed (German Auslegeschrift No. 2,829,630) toprepare a membrane having hydrophilic properties from a hydrophobicpolymer by starting from a polysulfone solution which contains lowmolecular weight salts and preparing membranes from this solution in amanner which is in itself known, using the phase inversion method.However, the water sorption of these known membranes is unsatisfactory,because the salts are removed from the membranes in their preparation orduring use, so that the hydrophobic character of the polymer which formsthe membrane essentially determines its properties.

A porous membrane which is comprised of a mixture ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone and aromatic polysulfone is described in J. Appl.Pol. Sci., 21, 1883-1900 (1977). However, this reference does notprovide any directive for preparing, for example, membranes which arefouling-resistant, reactive, biocompatible or suitable forhemodiafiltration. The authors admittedly use mixtures containingpolyvinylpyrrolidone, but with the object of thereby obtaining highviscosities and good fiber-forming properties. For this reason they onlyemploy polyvinylpyrrolidone which has a maximum molecular weight of40,000, preferably only 10,000, with the express object of eluting thisadditive as early as during membrane formation in the aqueouscoagulation bath so that no polyvinylpyrrolidone remains in the membrane(J. Appl. Pol. Sci. 20, 2377-2394 (1976)). A membrane which has thespecific properties in accordance with the invention can therefore notbe produced.

The prior art has sought to provide hydrophilic membranes which have ahigh water sorption and which possess only to a slight extent thedisadvantages summarized under the heading "membrane fouling", but thishas still not been satisfactorily accomplished by the state of the art.Another object, not yet achieved by known membranes, is to formasymmetrically and macroporously structured and sufficiently hydrophilicmembranes, which ensure high permeability and, at the same time,satisfactory pressure-stability and safe handling. The desirableproperties of the type of membrane mentioned also embrace improvedresistance to dilute organic solvents, a wider spectrum of the molecularweight exclusion limit (in particular in the transition range fromultrafiltration to microfiltration or to hyperfiltration) and thecapability of use in the medical field, for example, for plasmapheresisor hemodiafiltration. In order to be suitable for use in the medicalfield, the membrane must have considerably higher diffusivepermeabilities for toxic metabolites having a molecular size below theparticular molecular weight exclusion limit of the membrane and also agood biocompatibility in contact with blood.

Admittedly, there are available hydrophilic membranes which have a highdiffusive permeability, for example, gel-like membranes made ofregenerated cellulose or of a polycarbonate block polymer, and whichhave sufficiently high water absorbency, but the known hydrophilicmembranes of this type do not have a macroporous and asymmetricalstructure, which is the prerequisite for additionally obtaining, forexample, high mechanical permeability and pressure stability. Moreover,these hydrophilic membranes again do not have the virtues (for example,the chemical resistance) of hydrophobic membranes.

Admittedly, hydrophobic polymers are capable of forming macroporousasymmetric structures, but usually inadequate wettability and bloodcompatibility thereof, and also their low diffusive permeabilitiespreclude, for example, the use in medicine of membranes made of thismaterial.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to providemacroporous asymmetrical membranes based on a synthetic polymer.

It is also an object of the invention to provide such membranes whichhave pronounced hydrophilic properties, i.e., are capable of absorbingconsiderable amounts of water, relative to their total weight.

Another object of the invention resides in providing such membraneswhich are resistant to hydrolyzing agents as well as oxidizing agentsand to thermal action.

Still another object of the invention is to provide such membranes whichare able to withstand dilute organic solvents better than membranes madeof a hydrophobic polymer.

It is also an object of the invention to provide such membranes whichmake possible a molecular weight exclusion limit of greater than 100,000Dalton and smaller than 10,000 Dalton.

Another object of the invention resides in the provision of suchmembranes which have, compared to membranes made of a hydrophobicpolymer, improved diffusive permeability, good wettability,biocompatibility and low membrane fouling.

A further object is to provide such membranes which have functionalgroups, for example, for bonding or generating permselective or reactivelayers and which can nevertheless be prepared by the phase inversionmethod into pressure-stable membranes having a high permeability.

Yet another object of the invention resides in providing a process forthe production of the membranes according to the invention.

In accomplishing the foregoing objects, there has been provided inaccordance with one aspect of the present invention an asymmetricalmacroporous membrane, comprising a polymeric mixture comprised of fromabout 5-70% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight≧100,000 Dalton and from about 95 to 30% by weight of a polymer selectedfrom polysulfone, polyether sulfone, or an aromatic or araliphaticpolyamide, the percentages by weight being relative to the total weightof the polymeric mixture, and the membrane having a water absorbency ofat least about 11% by weight of water, relative to its total weight, at100% relative humidity and 25° C.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there has beenprovided a process for preparing a membrane as described above,comprising the steps of forming a macroporous asymmetrical membrane froma polymer solution by action of a coagulating liquid, wherein thepolymer solution comprises as the dissolved fraction a polymeric mixturecomprised of from about 5-70% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone having amolecular weight of ≧100,000 Dalton and from about 95-30% by weight of apolymer selected from a group consisting of a polysulfone, a polyethersulfone and an aromatic or araliphatic polyamide, relative to the totalweight of the dissolved polymeric fraction.

Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the detailed description of preferred embodimentswhich follows.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The invention is realized by a macroporous asymmetrical membrane whichhas pronounced hydrophilic properties and which is comprised of a randommixture of synthetic polymers comprising 5-70% by weight ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight ≧100,000 Dalton and of95-30% by weight of a polycondensate selected from a group consisting ofpolysulfone, polyether sulfones and aromatic or araliphatic polyamides,with each of the percentages by weight being relative to the totalweight of the polymeric mixture.

Membranes which have pronounced hydrophilic properties are to beunderstood as meaning, by definition within the scope of the presentinvention, those which are capable at 100% relative humidity ofabsorbing at least 11% by weight of water relative to their totalweight. The water absorbency of membranes according to the invention canbe, for example, 15-30% by weight.

Membranes which have an anisotropic pore structure comprise an activeouter layer which effects the separation process desired and which has,for example, a thickness within a range of from about 0.2-3 μm andcontains pores having a diameter within the range of from about0.001-0.05 μm. There is a transition of this separating layer into asupport layer which has an open-porous structure, the pore size of whichis within a range of from about 0.05-10 μm.

Asymmetrical membranes accordingly have a density gradient in thedirection from one outer face of a membrane to the other, or they havebeen formed in such a way that their density decreases from either outerface of the membrane toward the center of the membrane.

A membrane which has been formed with the porous structure indicated istermed, within the scope of the present invention, a macroporousmembrane of asymmetrical structure.

The terms polysulfone and polyether sulfone are used for polymers havinga molecular structure which is characterized by the fact that they arebuilt up from recurring structural units of the following generalformula (I): ##STR1## or by molecular chains or recurring structuralunits of the formula: ##STR2##

The expression "polysulfone" should apply in this text in the broadestsense, that is, not only to polymers which also contain alkyl groups inthe chain but also to those which only contain aryl groups in the chainand are sometimes referred to as "polyaryl sulfones".

A polysulfone which can be used is the polymer marketed by Union Carbideunder the designation "P 1700", which has a linear chain of the generalformula (I).

Polysulfones or polyether sulfones of this type are known and thesepolymers per se are not the subject of the present invention.

Polyamides are to be understood as meaning those polymers which areformed by polycondensing multifunctional carboxylic acids (or theirderivatives) with multifunctional amines (or their derivatives). Atleast one of these multifunctional monomers should have an aromaticstructure. Examples of suitable polyamides are those wherein themolecular chains are built up from recurring chemical structural unitsof the formula: ##STR3##

The polyamides per se likewise are not the subject of the presentinvention.

The polyvinylpyrrolidone present in the membrane is characterized by amolecular weight of 100,000 Dalton or a molecular weight of greater than100,000 Dalton; the molecular chains of polyvinylpyrrolidone arecomprised of recurring structural units of the formula: ##STR4## inwhich n is >900.

The >N--CO--CH₂ groups of polyvinylpyrrolidone or the --NH--CO groups ofpolyamides are called latent reactive groups, since they are ready andcapable of chemical reaction under certain thermal and/or chemicalconditions.

The polymers of which the membrane is composed can be present in thismembrane linked by chemical bonding; this linkage is either due to thefact that chemically reactive groups of adjacent high molecular weightcompounds of the designated type have chemically reacted with oneanother or due to the fact that in each case chemically reactive groupsof adjacent high molecular weight chemical compounds have eachchemically reacted with reactive groups of those chemical low molecularweight compounds which are called chemical crosslinking agents becausethey are capable of effecting chemical linkage of designated highmolecular weight compounds. Examples of low molecular weight chemicalcompounds capable of crosslinking the indicated high molecular weightchemical compounds are isocyanates, aldehydes and epoxides.

The presence in the membrane of polymer molecules which are linked toone another by chemical bonding is responsible for the fact thatmembranes having such a structure have a greater density than thosemembranes in which the polymer molecules are present in the unlinkedstate. Due to the molecular linkage, the particular membranes havereduced separating limits, and due to the linkage the particularmembranes have a high proportion of polyvinylpyrrolidone molecules fixedby chemical bonding.

However, the reactive groups of the polymers can also serve to bondother molecules chemically. For example, enzymes or anticoagulants canbe fixed on the membrane. In addition, permselective layers can also bebonded to or generated in the membrane surface in this way.

The membrane according to the invention is characterized by thefollowing properties or parameters:

high pH and oxidative stability and thermal stability, comparable to thehyrophobic polymer fraction;

compared to the "pure" hydrophobic membrane polymer, improved stabilityto dilute organic solvents (for example, alcohols or ketones);

extended molecular weight exclusion limits (separating limits) ofgreater than 100,000 Dalton (as well as smaller than 10,000 Dalton);

reduced membrane fouling, and better compatibility and wettability withaqueous media, for example, to proteins or dispersed solventconstituents (i.e., for example, longer membrane life orbiocompatibility with higher permselectivity);

a diffusive permeability for low molecular weight solvent constituents(for example, urea) which is five to ten times higher than that of ahydrophobic membrane;

hydrophilic functionalization of the hydrophobic membrane polymer, forexample, to bond or generate permselective or reactive layers; and

higher mechanical permeability and pressure stability compared to "pure"hydrophilic membranes.

A membrane according to the invention can be prepared, for example, asfollows:

High molecular weight polyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight of100,000 Dalton or greater than 100,000 Dalton and, for example,polysulfone are each dissolved in a polar organic solvent which ismiscible with water and in which the above-mentioned polymers aresoluble in an amount which is such that the polymer solution therebyformed contains polyvinylpyrrolidone in an amount of about 1-20% byweight and polysulfone in an amount of about 5-50% by weight, eachrelative to the total weight of the polymer solution. Examples oforganic solvents which can be used are N-methylpyrrolidone, dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide. An inorganic salt,for example, lithium chloride, is optionally added to the solution in anamount of from about 1-8% by weight, relative to the total weight of thesolution. The salt addition specified does not affect the propertiesdesired according to the invention of the membranes which can beprepared from the designated solution. The addition of inorganic saltsto solutions from which membranes can be prepared by the phase inversionmethod is described in the literature and is not per se the subject ofthe present invention.

An asymmetrical macroporous membrane is prepared in a known manner bythe phase inversion method from the polymer solution composedqualitatively and quantitatively as specified. For this purpose, thepolymer solution is spread as a liquid layer onto a planar substrate.The planar substrate can consist, for example, of a glass plate.

A coagulating liquid, which is miscible with the solvent of the solutionbut in which the polymers dissolved in the polymeric solution areprecipitated as the membrane, is then allowed to act on the liquidlayer, and, surprisingly, even polyvinylpyrrolidone, which is originallysoluble in the coagulating agent, "solidifies". The coagulating liquidused is, for example, water. The action of the coagulating liquid on theliquid layer of the polymeric solution precipitates the polymersdissolved in this polymeric solution, with the formation of amacroporous film which has an asymmetrical pore structure and containsthe polymers designated in random distribution.

In carrying out the process, the coagulating liquid is advantageouslyallowed to act on the membrane precipitated by the coagulating liquiduntil virtually the entire solvent has been replaced in this membrane bycoagulating liquid. The membrane formed is then freed of coagulatingliquid, for example, by directly drying the membrane in an air stream orfirst treating the membrane with a plasticizer such as glycerol and thendrying.

To prepare designated membranes, which are located on a support layerwhich is permeable to flowable media, the procedure given above isfollowed, but the substrate used as a support for forming the membranelayer is a web or paper, and after the membrane layer has been formed,the membrane layer is left on the substrate. However, the membrane canalso first be prepared without a support and only then be applied to apermeable support.

Hollow filaments or capillaries can also be prepared from the polymersolution in a known manner by spinning the polymer solution through anappropriately shaped annular die or hollow needle die into a coagulatingliquid according to the state of the art.

If the membrane is them impregnated with glycerol, it can preferablycontain glycerol in a range of from about 5-60%, relative to its totalweight. The membrane thus impregnated is dried, for example, at atemperature of 50° C. In a modification of the described preparationmethod, a special membrane can be prepared by the following method: thestarting material is a polymer solution which is as indicated above butwhich is distinguished from the first-mentioned polymer solution by thefact that it contains a chemical compound which is capable ofcrosslinking and in which the reactive groups are capable of entering achemical reaction with the designated reactive groups of polymermolecules contained in the solution. The polymer solution can contain,for example, chemical compounds capable of crosslinking in an amountwithin the range of from about 0.1-15% by weight, relative to the totalweight of the dissolved polymers. Suitable chemical compounds capable ofcrosslinking include aldehydes, such as, for example, glutardialdehydeor formaldehyde, and isocyanates, for example, toluylene diisocyanate.

In another possible process variant, chemical linkage of polymermolecules is effected, without using chemical compounds capable ofcrosslinking, by exploiting the reactivity of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Forexample, the membrane can be subjected to an after-treatment withradical formers or in an alkaline medium (pH ≧12) at an elevatedtemperature in order to bring about intermolecular or intramolecularcrosslinking of adjacent chain segments of high molecular weightpolyvinylpyrrolidone.

In another possible way of preparing the membrane, the membrane is firstprepared in the manner indicated, and chemical linkage of polymermolecules contained in this membrane is brought about by allowingchemical compounds of the type mentioned which are capable ofcrosslinking to act sufficiently long on the membrane or by subsequentlyperforming the "self-crosslinking", described above, ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone. Appropriate reactions can be carried out to bindpermselective layers to the membrane or to generate permselective layersdirectly on or in the membrane. Thus, for example, "ultra-thin" layers(≦1 μm) made of polymers containing functional groups (for examplesilicones, cellulose ethers or fluoro-copolymers) can be spread onwater, applied from there to the membrane surface and covalently fixed,for example, by reaction with a diisocyanate, to thus obtain higherpermselectivities. Analogously, the membrane according to the inventionis also suitable as a support for reactive molecules, for example, tofix enzymes or anticoagulants such as heparin, according to the state ofthe art.

EXAMPLES Example 1

12% by weight of polysulfone (for example, a product of bisphenol A anddichlorodiphenylsulfone marketed by Union Carbide under the name "TypeUdel 3,500") was dissolved in a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone whichcontained 6% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone (molecular weight:350,000) and 4% by weight of lithium chloride in a stirred vessel (12hours, room temperature). The polymer solution (viscosity: 25,000 mPa.s)was deaerated and applied by means of a casting device in accordancewith U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,291 to a polyethylene (spunbonded) support web(39 g/m²) and coagulated in water at 20° C. The membrane was impregnatedwith a solution of 40% by weight of glycerol and dried at 50° C. The drysupport-reinforced membrane had a thickness of 180 μm and a waterabsorption of 29% by weight at a temperature of 25° C.

Example 2

10% by weight of polysulfone was dissolved in the manner of Example 1 ina solution of N-methylpyrrolidone which contained 8% by weight ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone and 4% by weight of lithium chloride (viscosity:45,000 mPa.s) and coagulated analogously to give a membrane. The dry andsupport-reinforced membrane had a thickness of 160 μm and a waterabsorption of 47% by weight at a temperature of 25° C.

Example 3

12% by weight of polysulfone 3,500 was dissolved in the manner ofExample 1 in a solution of N-methylpyrrolidone which contained 6% byweight of polyvinylpyrrolidone without the addition of LiCl. The polymersolution (viscosity: 6,000 mP.s) was deaerated and applied by means of acasting device in accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,291 to apolyethylene film (100 μm) and coagulated in water at 30° C. Themembrane was impregnated with a solution of 40% by weight of glycerol,dried at 60° C. and separated from the support film. The support-freemembrane thus dried had a thickness of 80 μm and a water absorption of24% by weight at 25° C.

Example 4

12% by weight of polyamide (in accordance with the structural formulagiven in the specification) was dissolved in the manner of Example 3 ina solution of N-methylpyrrolidone which contained 6% by weight ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone. A dry and support-free membrane with a thicknessof 80 μm was prepared therefrom.

Example 5

A polymer solution according to Example 1 was coagulated directly intowater at 30° C. by means of a hollow needle spinneret (externaldiameter: 600 μm, internal diameter: 300/100 μm), with water beingadditionally introduced into the interior of the capillaries to generatean asymmetrical structure with an interior "skin". The capillaries had adiameter of 550 μm and a wall thickness of 85 μm.

Example 6

The membranes according to Examples 1 to 4 were characterized asfollows:

a. The water absorption is measured on support-free membranes afterstorage at 100% relative humidity and 25° C. to constant weight (themembrane treated in this manner had first been dried for 24 hours overP₂ O₅).

b. The mechanical permeability (ultrafiltration) and the retentioncapacity in respect of dissolved macromolecules are determined underpressures of 0.1 to 3.0 bar at 20° C. in a stirred cylindrical cell (500rpm, 350 ml) (membrane surface: 43 m²). The retention capacity isdefined as ##EQU1## (C₁ =concentration of an aqueous solution containing1% by weight of dextran 70,000 or a polyacrylic acid 20,000 or of bovinealbumin (250 mg/l) and C₂ =concentration in the permeate). Theconcentration measurement is carried out in a digital DMA 60+601 densitymeasuring instrument (Heraeus-Paar).

c. The diffusive permeability is measured (in accordance with O. B.Laugh and D. P. Stokesberry, National Bureau of Standards, Report No. PB179,669, 1968) on support-free membranes at 37° C. for aqueous solutionsof 1,500 ppm of urea or of 1,000 ppm of vitamin B12. The concentrationdifference is continuously determined in a "Lamidur" differentialrefractometer (Winopal). The results are summarized in the followingtable.

    __________________________________________________________________________                          RETENTION CAPACITY                                                 MECHANICAL (%)             DIFFUSIVE                                          PERMEABILITY      Dextran                                                                            PAS PERMEABILITY                                       (10.sup.3 l/m.sup.2 d)                                                                   Albumin                                                                              70,000                                                                             20,000                                                                            (10.sup.3 cm/min)                       MEMBRANE   0.1 bar                                                                           1 bar                                                                            3 bar                                                                             0.1 bar                                                                           1 bar                                                                            0.1 bar                                                                            3 bar                                                                             Urea                                                                             Vitamin B.sub.12                     __________________________________________________________________________    Example 1  220 1,900                                                                            5,300                                                                             90  87 72   55  -- --                                   Example 2   86   960                                                                            2,400                                                                             94  83 95   54  -- --                                   (support free, 60 μm)                                                                 (120)                                                                             (850)                                                                            (2,700)                                                                           (30)                                                                              (10)                                                                             (35) (--)                                                                              (61)                                                                             (15)                                 Example 3  150 1,000                                                                            3,400                                                                             --  -- 98   --  45 11                                   Example 4  280 2,000                                                                            --  --  75 --   --  -- --                                   Example 5  390 -- --  40  -- --   --  40 10                                   __________________________________________________________________________

What is claimed is:
 1. An asymmetrical macroporous membrane, comprising:a polymeric mixture comprised of from about 5-70% by weight ofpolyvinylpyrrolidone having a molecular weight ≧100,000 Dalton and fromabout 95 to 30% by weight of a polymer selected from polysulfone,polyether sulfone, or an aromatic or araliphatic polyamide, thepercentages by weight being relative to the total weight of thepolymeric mixture, and the membrane having a water absorbency of atleast about 11% by weight of water, relative to its total weight, at100% relative humidity and 25° C.
 2. A membrane as claimed in claim 1,wherein the polymeric mixture is comprised of from about 5-70% by weightof polyvinylpyrrolidone and from about 95-30% by weight of polysulfone.3. A membrane as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polymeric mixture iscomprised of from about 5-70% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone and fromabout 95-30% by weight of polyether sulfone.
 4. A membrane as claimed inclaim 1, wherein the polymeric mixture is comprised of from about 5-70%by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone and from about 95-30% by weight of anaromatic or araliphatic polyamide.
 5. A membrane as claimed in claim 1,wherein the molecules of the polymers forming the membrane are linked toone another by chemical bonding.
 6. A membrane as claimed in claim 1,further comprising at least one permselective or reactive layergenerated or bonded on or in the membrane.